Microorganisms can impact product quality, consistency, process performance, and shelf life long before any issues become apparent.
Biotrax offers comprehensive food microbiological testing services, including microbial enumeration, for raw materials, ingredients, in-process samples, and finished food and beverage products. Our testing services can help establish microbial baselines, evaluate specifications, compare suppliers or production lots, investigate quality concerns, and monitor spoilage testing results over time.
Not sure which type of microbial analysis to request? Just let us know what you are testing and the information you need to obtain. Our knowledgeable team can assist in clarifying the available options, sample requirements, and the best starting point for your needs.
Food microbiological testing may support several important evaluations such as assessing compliance with internal or customer microbial specifications. It can also aid in comparing suppliers, batches, production dates, or storage conditions. Additionally, spoilage testing plays a crucial role in investigating issues like spoilage, off-odors, fermentation, gas formation, or package swelling. This process helps in the development of baselines and monitoring during processing or storage. Moreover, food microbiological testing is essential for making informed decisions regarding product quality, shelf-life, investigations, or product release.
The appropriate analysis, including microbial enumeration, depends on the specific product, production stage, applicable specifications, and the particular questions that the testing aims to address.
These services address various inquiries, including food microbiological testing, microbial enumeration, and spoilage testing.
Quantitative testing in food microbiological testing estimates the number of microorganisms present in the tested sample. Results may be reported as Most Probable Number (MPN) or colony-forming units (CFU), depending on the method used for microbial enumeration. These analyses can support the evaluation of product quality, hygiene, sanitation, spoilage testing, shelf life, or consistency.
Food microbiological testing is designed to determine whether a specific harmful organism—such as Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, or pathogenic E. coli—was detected in the tested portion. While microbial enumeration can provide insights, a quality-indicator result does not confirm that a product is free from foodborne pathogens. When a specific pathogen is the concern, pathogen-specific testing should be requested to ensure thorough spoilage testing and safety.
Many of Biotrax’s quantitative microbiological analyses, including food microbiological testing, are performed using the bioMérieux TEMPO system.
The TEMPO system is an automated microbial enumeration platform that relies on the traditional Most Probable Number approach. Prepared samples are combined with test-specific media, loaded into sealed testing cards, incubated, and read automatically to estimate the concentration of viable microorganisms present. This streamlined method supports standardized processing, consistent calculations, and laboratory traceability for routine food-quality and hygiene-indicator testing, as well as spoilage testing.
Traditional cultural and plate-count methods may also be utilized when required by the product, customer specifications, reference methods, or specific testing objectives.
What does 'enumeration' mean?
Enumeration refers to a quantitative test that estimates the number of microorganisms present. This differs from a presence-or-absence test, which only reports whether a specific target was detected in the tested portion.

Estimates the overall level of viable aerobic microorganisms in a sample through food microbiological testing.
Why test for it:
Aerobic count is commonly used in microbial enumeration to evaluate raw-material quality, product consistency, sanitation, processing conditions, and microbial changes during shelf life as part of spoilage testing.
Important:
This method does not identify individual organisms or confirm that a product is free from pathogens.
Estimates the amount of viable yeast and mold present through food microbiological testing.
Why test for it:
Yeast and mold can contribute to visible growth, fermentation, off-flavors, gas production, package swelling, and shortened product life. Conducting microbial enumeration through spoilage testing may support spoilage investigations, ingredient evaluation, and shelf-life studies.
Important:
It does not identify individual organisms or confirm that a product is free from pathogens.
Targets fungal organisms or resistant structures capable of surviving heat exposure through food microbiological testing. This analysis may be appropriate for heat-processed or shelf-stable products where resistant spoilage organisms could survive processing, potentially leading to issues later. Important: This method does not identify individual organisms or confirm that a product is free from pathogens, making microbial enumeration and spoilage testing essential for comprehensive safety assessment.
Measures coliform organisms commonly used as general indicators of sanitation and process control within the realm of food microbiological testing. Coliform testing may help evaluate raw-material conditions, cleaning effectiveness, process hygiene, or possible contamination after processing, making it essential for microbial enumeration and spoilage testing. It's important to note that a coliform result does not automatically indicate fecal contamination.
Measures non-pathogen-specific Escherichia coli through food microbiological testing.
Why test for it: Generic E. coli may serve as an indicator of fecal contamination, raw-material quality, handling practices, or process hygiene, making it crucial for microbial enumeration and spoilage testing.
Important: This is different from pathogen testing for E. coli O157:H7 or Shiga toxin-producing E. coli, or STEC.
Measures a broad family of bacteria that includes many organisms used as hygiene and process indicators in food microbiological testing.
Why test for it: Testing may help evaluate sanitation performance, heat-process effectiveness, raw-material quality, or possible post-process contamination, making it essential for microbial enumeration and spoilage testing.
Important: It does not identify individual organisms or confirm that a product is free from pathogens.
Measures Lactobacillus and related lactic acid bacteria through food microbiological testing.
Why test for it: These organisms may be desirable during controlled fermentation, but they can also lead to unintended souring, gas production, flavor changes, or spoilage, making microbial enumeration and spoilage testing crucial for quality control.
Measures of S. aureus are crucial in food microbiological testing related to handling and hygiene concerns.
Why test for it:
Testing can support the evaluation of employee handling, sanitation, process control, or address an unexpected product result through microbial enumeration.
Important:
An S. aureus count is distinct from testing for staphylococcal enterotoxin, essential for effective spoilage testing.
Measures Bacillus cereus, a spore-forming bacterium that may survive conditions that destroy many other bacteria, is essential in food microbiological testing. This bacterium's presence is particularly concerning in grains, starch-based products, dairy items, sauces, seasonings, and prepared foods where spoilage testing and food-safety concerns arise.
Measures Campylobacter organisms, which are most often associated with poultry and certain raw animal products, as part of comprehensive food microbiological testing.
Why test for it: Quantitative testing may support specialized process-verification, carcass, poultry, or risk-assessment programs, including microbial enumeration and spoilage testing.
Clients should confirm whether their program requires enumeration or a different pathogen-testing approach.
Measures generic E. coli recovered from a defined carcass surface area through food microbiological testing.
Why test for it:
Carcass-swab testing may support verification of slaughter, dressing, and handling hygiene while also aiding in microbial enumeration and assessing process performance over time, as well as conducting spoilage testing.

Biotrax also offers applicable traditional cultural and plating methods for food microbiological testing.
Plate-count methods are used to grow microorganisms on agar, enabling microbial enumeration through the counting or isolation of colonies.
These methods may be appropriate when:
- A customer or program requires an FDA BAM method
- A reference cultural method is specified
- A product necessitates different growth conditions
- An investigation involves colony isolation
- Anaerobic microbial growth is a concern
- The product matrix is not suited to the automated method for spoilage testing.
Available options include aerobic plate count, yeast and mold plate count, coliform and generic E. coli counts, Staphylococcus aureus count, and anaerobic plate count.
If you are searching for a specific microorganism that requires plating, reach out to our team for additional information.
A microbial count is not automatically deemed “good” or “bad” based solely on the number itself. In the context of food microbiological testing, the significance of a result can depend on various factors, including:
- The product and its ingredients
- Whether the sample is raw, in process, or finished
- Manufacturing and preservation methods
- Product age and storage conditions
- Internal or customer specifications
- The analytical method used
- Historical data from the same product or process
It's important to note that a result reflects the tested portion of one sample at a specific point in time. Routine microbial enumeration and spoilage testing, along with trend reviews, can provide a more comprehensive understanding of product and process consistency than relying on a single isolated result.
When contacting Biotrax for food microbiological testing, be prepared to inform us of the following details:
What the sample is,
Whether it is a raw material, ingredient, in-process sample, or finished product,
What you are trying to evaluate or investigate,
Whether you have an internal or customer specification,
Whether the request is routine or connected to a concern,
When the sample was produced or collected,
Whether a specific method is required.
For microbial enumeration and spoilage testing, food microbiology testing typically requires at least 50 grams per sample; however, a larger sample may be needed depending on the analyses requested and analytical portions. It’s advisable to contact the laboratory before collection or shipment if you are uncertain about sample quantity, packaging, temperature, or timing.
You do not need to select a method or test code before contacting Biotrax.
Tell us about your product, process, specification, or concern. Our team can help clarify the available food microbiology testing options, confirm sample requirements, and determine an appropriate testing path.
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